一个国家的人口在增长时，往往也会出现一种乐观精神，并接着产生扩张的欲望。这是二战爆发时德国与日本的情况。

　　日本人口在1931年是6450万，占据14万5882平方英里的土地（它的总和生育率或TFR在1930年代末达到4.1）。日本把目光放在满洲，把它视为无尽资源的源头及日本与俄国间的缓冲区，并在1931年9月入侵满洲。

　　中国的人口是4亿9210万，占据370万平方英里的土地。但它因为不是个团结的国度而变得脆弱。日本在接下来的年头对中国进行了小规模战斗，但冲突在1937年中升级为全面的战争。

　　中国国民党政府于1938年10月末南退到重庆，到1940年时，日本已占领中国所有沿海城市及邻近的大片乡村，及法国印度支那北部和南部。

　　美国政府于1941年7月向日本发出最后通牒：从印度支那撤出或面对美国的石油禁运制裁。美国在1941年人口超过1亿3000万，工业基础也远比日本强大。

　　然而，日本于1941年12月7日冒险一博，在没有发出任何警告的情况下，从六艘航空母舰起飞的超过350只战斗机、轰炸机和鱼雷机，对美国在珍珠港的海军军舰进行了两波的袭击（美国的航空母舰幸好因为出海而没有受到这突如其来的攻击）。日本也同时入侵整个东南亚，以便控制荷属东印度群岛的石油。

　　毫无意外的，美国重建了它的海军，并在1942年6月的中途岛战役，把日本那六艘航空母舰和护航军舰大部分击沉。

　　然而，日本人是无畏的战士，宁愿战死也不投降。日本陆军成为世界上最残忍和冷酷的军队。经过可怕的硫磺岛战役后，美国人估计尝试占领日本本土可能得牺牲约100万人。结果，他们在广岛和长崎各投下了一颗原子弹，终止了日本在亚洲的帝国主义野心。

我们从中学习到什么？
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该帖荣获当日十大第7，奖励楼主6分以及9华新币，时间：2013-03-02 22:00:01。

Declining populations make peaceful neighbours: Lee Kuan Yew
Lee Kuan Yew Straits Times 1 Mar 13;

WHEN a nation's population is growing it is usually accompanied by a sense of optimism, which is then followed by a desire for expansion. This was the case in both Germany and Japan when World War II broke out.

In 1931 Japan's population was 64.5 million and occupied 145,882 square miles of land. (Its total fertility rate, or TFR, reached 4.1 by the late 1930s.) Japan cast its eye on Manchuria, seeing it as a source of limitless natural resources and as a buffer between itself and Russia, and invaded in September 1931.

China's population was 492.1 million and occupied an area of 3.7 million square miles. But it was not a united land, which made it weak. Japan carried out skirmishes against China during the ensuing years, but in the middle of 1937 the conflicts escalated into full-scale war.

By the end of October 1938 China's Kuomintang government had retreated south to Chungking, and by 1941 Japan had captured all of China's coastal cities and large tracts of the neighbouring countryside, as well as northern and southern French Indochina.

In July 1941 the US government issued an ultimatum to Japan: withdraw from Indochina or the United States would impose an oil embargo on Japan. Remember that in 1941 the US had a population of more than 130 million and a far more powerful industrial base than Japan had.

Nevertheless, on Dec 7, 1941 Japan took a huge gamble and without warning launched more than 350 fighters, bombers and torpedo planes in two waves from six aircraft carriers, attacking American naval vessels at Pearl Harbour. (Fortunately for the US its aircraft carriers were out at sea and escaped the surprise attack.) Japan simultaneously invaded the whole of South-east Asia in order to gain control of the Dutch East Indies' oil.

Inevitably, the US rebuilt its navy, and during the Battle of Midway in June 1942 sank most of those six Japanese aircraft carriers and their support vessels.

However, the Japanese proved to be intrepid fighters, willing to fight to the death rather than surrender. Japan's army became the most brutal and merciless in the world. The Battle of Iwo Jima was so ferocious that afterward the Americans estimated they would lose a million men if they attempted to take the Japanese mainland. Instead they dropped two atomic bombs, one on Hiroshima and the other on Nagasaki, which put paid to Japan's ambitions of empire in Asia.

A similar situation occurred in Germany. Its TFR in 1939 was 2.6. Among other things, Germany wanted lebensraum (living space) for its people. Hitler pushed east during WWII to annihilate the Slavic peoples in Ukraine and Russia so those lands could be populated with Germans. But he and his generals underestimated the endurance and valour of the Russian people, as well as the bitterly cold winter conditions under which they would be fighting. Consequently, they suffered heavy casualties at the hands of the Russian armed forces.

What have we learnt?

BOTH Japan and Germany now have declining birth rates. Germany's TFR was 1.4 in 2012, or about eight births per thousand people; Japan's TFR has also dropped to 1.4. By 2060 it is estimated that Japan's current population of 128 million will have dropped to 87 million. Neither nation has the need nor the stomach to start another war.

One reason for the world's relative peace and stability today is that all developed countries have a TFR of less than 2.1. (Singapore's is 1.2.) Some fast-growing developing countries also have low TFRs; for instance, China's TFR for 2012 is estimated to be 1.6. Such countries no longer have a need to go searching for lebensraum.

But many developing countries have high TFRs, the largest of these being India, with its 2012 TFR estimated to be 2.6. This means more overcrowding and inadequate infrastructure, schools as well as medical and social services. Africa has even higher TFRs, with many of its countries between 4 and 7, far higher than the replacement rate of 2.1.

The world has suffered the consequences of expanding populations before. What looms on the horizon? And will we be prepared to confront it?

The writer is the former prime minister of Singapore. This article first appeared in the March edition of Forbes magazine.